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VV. Vlasenko
Candidate. Cultural Studies, Assoc., PhD CAF. Theory and History of Culture of the Russian State Pedagogical University. AI. Herzen, g. St. Petersburg, E-mail: val-vlasenko@yandex.ru - This article discusses the need for education of the younger generation reading Russian, revealed a special function in the culture of reading, defined systemic causes of functional illiteracy. Particular attention is paid to the school, as one of the main factors of a fundamental change in the situation in Russia with reading.
- culture, reading, spirituality, functional illiteracy, moral education
- Vlasenko V.V.
- The problems of education in the reading needs of the younger generation of Russian, taped a special function to read in a culture defined by systemic causes of functional illiteracy. Particular attention is given to the school as one of the main factors of a fundamental change in the situation in Russia with reading.
- culture, reading, spirituality, functional illiteracy, moral education
- THE ROLE OF SCHOOLS IN REVIVAL OF REQUIREMENTS READING THE YOUNGER GENERATION OF RUSSIA
People from a biological point of view - the most helpless creature. He comes into this world is not "ready" representative of its kind, то есть, possess from birth all the necessary qualities for life, but only "candidate in person". For millennia, mankind has produced cultural mechanisms humanization of man and one of them was reading.
The need for reading, as other cultural and human needs, is not innate, and acquired. It arises in a certain period of historical development of mankind and, nepodkreplyaemaya, may disappear forever. The defining moment of birth the human need for reading was the invention of writing, when the existence of the word was possible in two forms - written and oral. But its active formation occurs with the appearance of the printing press.
Knigopechanie, invented in the 40s XV century in Germany, is the achievement culture, entered into the daily life and change it spiritual image. The need for reading was born and developed as the need, deterministic, прежде всего, material production sphere of culture: "While knowledge existed in the form of tradition or esoteric teaching for the dedicated, typography could not be an effective fact of culture "[1, p.19]. In the XV-XVI centuries, the focus of social and economic development of Western Europe became the city, which grew rapidly "Simple commodity production and ensuring their international trade, and on this basis, formed a new type of secular outlook, oppose itself to religious spiritualist outlook ... " [1, с.10]. In most part of the city residents in dire need of fixed knowledge: "For the first time since the Roman times there are tracts of agricultural technique and technology trade, about the anatomy and diseases, about mechanical devices and art of building, principles of perspective and composition " and typography because they perceived as a "holy mission" [1, с. 19] .
Characterizing the Renaissance, researchers have noted the fact of the appearance of a special "non-traditional" type of personality, "... Found that" fundamentally new opportunities for developing constructive and creative abilities "" [2, p.36]. The emergence of the Renaissance, "a new type of human, fundamentally different way to program your creativity and conceptualize the world "and was due to a new way individual reading. Thanks to the advent of the printed edition and the subject chooses a book, defines and time, and the rate of reading. Perception of the printed text has a number of features: «Specifics slovesnogo characters, allowing precise correlate it with the, it denotes, тем не менее, leaves freedom for creative imagination, guessing ... " (my italics - VV) [3, с. 226]. As shown by recent studies, information in the form of texts is the basis of any process education and self-. Кроме того, Reading plays an important role in creating a man of his individual model of culture, which is embodied in educated people in their collection of books home library. With the development of reading, as an important form of human spiritual, identified and a special function in the culture of reading – zhizneohranyayuschaya (SN. Plotnikov).
Между тем, disturbing trend throughout the world in the late twentieth century was the decline of interest in reading. Huge proportion of people in the world, who can not read and write not only in economically backward, but also in the developed world, where in the early 80-ies of the last century, representatives of different fields of humanities beginning to realize the paradox, which was called "functional illiteracy". In sociology, there is such a thing, as "secondary illiteracy" (identity concept of "functional illiteracy"). Так, in the late 80's in Germany about four million people classified as secondary illiterate, In France c 1996 g. 20% called secondary population illiterate, etc.. и т.п. [4, с. 58]. In the early '90s VP. Chudinova predicted, that the problem of functional illiteracy in the near future is extremely aggravated and for our country [5]. The paradoxical nature of the functional (or secondary) illiteracy is, that it is inherent in the people, having not only school, but university education. According to SA. Tanguiane of functionally illiterate 50% nine years at school (!), 8% had a university degree [5].
If there is a new sociocultural reality problem, necessary to identify its causes. The phenomenon of functional illiteracy researchers explained differently:
- the emergence and development of electronic technology, that leads to disruption of the integrity of harmonious unity of culture;
- features of school education and family education;
- changing socio-cultural conditions (the accelerated pace of life), change of values (orientation to success in any field of human activity). Quiet reflection and contemplation are no longer significant: "Ambition, эгоизм, voluptuousness, greed, passion for the acquisition, hatred (especially political), зависть, rivalry, struggle for existence, - All this makes life a disturbing and violent, necessary deterred from reading books " [4, с. 60].
In enumerating the causes of illiteracy called secondary effects and mass culture, imposing certain standards for behavior. Так, in the popular television movies image disappears reading человека, interiors with virtually no Home Library. According to experts, exception, determining the loss of interest in reading, characterizes Russia. In 90 years our country has been a radical change in the structure of society, which resulted in a corresponding consequences - poverty traditionally reading segment of the population. Но, I am deeply convinced, declining interest in reading due not only to the new political situation. Psychologists have begun to sound the alarm long before "perestroika" [см.: 6]. The very same "restructuring" has become a catalyst for all the negative processes in society. Кроме того, today's economic improvement "reading section of the population" (it - the undeniable fact!) did not lead to a revival of demand for reading. This is according to nationwide poll, which was held in September 2008 g. Levada Center ("Levada-Center") commissioned by the Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications in the monitoring of "Reader's preferences Russian citizens" survey data "book in a changing world: old and new technology to read in Russian ", which was held in 2009-2010 yy. [7, с. 12].
Hence, there System causes of functional illiteracy, which need to be identified so that appropriate decisions and actions, contributing to a radical change in attitude of the younger generation to read. Consider these reasons.
Человек, finds true human qualities in the process of acculturation, Thanks to the invention of human culture humanizing technology: education (communion to the values), naucheniem (skills building), education (communion to knowledge) [8, с. 41, 300]. Вместе с тем, Culture medium is only, conducive to the formation and development of human qualities and without an active role of the person is not capable by itself, automatically, humanize human. Must be considered, that on the whole of humanity is not aware of the significance of cultural technologies, perceiving them as a given, and the birth of human qualities - as a natural, spontaneous process. But paradoxically the development of culture. Her every achievement inconsistent: с одной стороны, it (achievement) promotes formation new human qualities and improvement of human life, с другой стороны, - May become an obstacle to its development. This feature of the culture was recognized in antiquity. Известно, Socrates perceived invention of writing not as a means "for memory and wisdom", but as a means to "recall". Trained in writing "will appear mnogoznayuschimi, staying in most ignorant, difficult for people communication; they will instead mnimomudrymi wise " (my italics - VV) [9].
Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset the appearance of man-mass directly related with the development of culture: "... This world XIX and early XX century have not only demonstrates its undeniable merits and scope, but also inspires its residents - and this is important - full confidence, tomorrow, as if reveling in natural and violent growth, the world becomes richer, even wider and more perfect. Seeing the world ... so magnificent structures and coordinated, ordinary man believes his handiwork of nature itself and unable to think of, that case it requires the efforts of people of outstanding. More difficult for him to comprehend, that all of these easily attainable benefits keep on and certain human qualities not easily attainable, slightest shortfall which will scatter the ashes immediately magnificent building» [10] (my italics - VV). Shortage "and certain human qualities not easily achievable" becomes a mass phenomenon in the culture of the late XX - early XXI century. These quality concerns and weakening until the complete disappearance of the need for reading.
How can we explain this paradox of cultural development? The well-known Russian philosopher and educator SI. Hesse with the complexity of the cultural environment is a violation of harmony between the individual and its surround the foreign culture. This leads to the disintegration of personality, manifested, прежде всего, "The loss of stability in relation to its environment and temptations associated with this decomposition morals" [11, с. 80]. Remind, human need is determined by reading was the need to develop production (technical sphere of culture) and only then it was modified in need of mastering values spiritual and artistic culture. In the Renaissance, in parallel with the work on laying the foundations of positive knowledge begins to develop and actively work "to create widely interpreted science the word". "Centre of these efforts have become so-called" humanistic étude ": development of a new, opposing medieval ideals, Anthropology, oriented ... almost - to work out the necessary conditions for new ideas of good, debt, justice, harmony and God, conceivable, прежде всего, focus of harmony " [1, с. 21]. Таким образом, with the birth of the reader in the humanistic stude, reading begins to perform "zhizneohranyayuschuyu function of culture, JavaScript intellectual reproduction of society " (S.N.Plotnikov).
Spread of mass culture in the mid-twentieth century changed the dominant system of values. Все, which is associated with spiritual aspirations, was perceived as something boring, cottage, unnecessary. Reading is no longer a sign of intellectual prestige: in family education disappears a form of family entertainment, as a joint reading, in the school system needs the problem of education in reading loses its urgency and importance. Более того: "School literary education, acquired in infancy and hit the ground malopodgotovlennuyu, likely caused rejection of literature (largely due to the coercive nature of learning), not contributed to the development of interest in reading skills and self " [5]. Таким образом, reading crisis and the consequences of this phenomenon are determined by social and cultural conditions of modern society.
But it is difficult to agree, that the disappearance of the need for reading is an objective reality of cultural development, which must be taken for granted. Remind, human qualities are formed and developed in the process of mastering cultural technologies. In a complex cultural environment, by conviction SI. Hesse, in the process of school moral education should be systematically and consistently develop and strengthen the centripetal force of personality. [11, pp.78-80].
Problem of education needs in reading "complex and ambitious, multifaceted and multilevel " [12]. In 2006 year in our country adopted the "National program of support and development of reading", calculated on 2007-2020 yy. In the "Background of the program" emphasizes, that "school and school library for most children become a place, where many first acquainted with the book " (my italics - VV) [13]. But in the context of the program was not found special the school's role in education needs to read and special kulturotvorcheskih reading function in the formation and development of a truly human qualities. The Programme of the importance of reading in a person's life, прежде всего, determined by the requirements of development of the global information society, in which "the development of Russia is increasingly dependent on the content of, ordering information and development, circulating in the country " [13]. Otherwise, read useful, for it необходимо for the successful development of the state (deliberately exaggerating the position of Programs for accurate identification sense - VV). Again at the center of the problem is not delivered Personality Development, and the problems of existence and development of the state. The history of our country speaks volumes: when there is ignoring the interests of the individual, when a person is subject to Trainactivity, but not subject interactionactivity, State not only develops, but is in decline.
In developing the program in terms of the question, analysis of the situation, analysis capabilities, of specific measures is not considered as a promising solution to the problem foreign experience of functional illiteracy, domestic experience and education needs in reading, accumulated by the best teachers of the country and at the theoretical level synthesis [14]. Noteworthy is the fact, that program developers do not use such terms, as "functional illiteracy", "Secondary illiteracy", which gained official recognition in the world, in our country. Вместе с тем, exact terminology - one of the conditions to solve the problem of literate
As already mentioned above, family is no longer a child guide to the world of reading, and socio-cultural conditions in modern school is a determining factor in the education needs in reading among the younger generation. Accordingly, it is the education system should have become the fulcrum, based on which you can drastically improve the situation. This is evidenced by the positive experience of foreign countries. Так, the first object of the survey of quality of training of pupils and students in different countries, regularly conducted by the International Reading Association, is reading and letter (literacy), because one of the important results of training experts call attitudes toward reading. In Russia, a positive attitude towards reading was identified in less than 50% учащихся [15].
In the early 90-ies of the last century on the basis of statistical data of many schools in the surveyed 32 countries (Russia did not participate in the study) created "Portrait effective in terms of reading school". Determined ten characteristics of such schools and developed the necessary measures, for their introduction into the education system. Symptomatic, In countries, take urgent measures, qualitatively improved attitudes toward reading in the younger generation [16]. Indicators of domestic students, who became involved in the survey only 2000 of, not encouraging: "Fifteen-teens, enrolled in educational institutions of general and vocational education, took 27-29 place of 32 countries, participated in the study " [15]. Вместе с тем, These results did not identify a cause for the special role of the school in the National Programme for Support and Development of reading, which was created in 2006 году. I think, it was one of the reasons for the failure of the first round of the Programme. IV All-Russian Conference on "National program of support and development of reading: Results and Perspectives " (19 ноября 2010 of, Москва) The report E.I. Kuzmina "Successes and failures of activities to promote reading in Russia (2006-2010)"It was noted, that "efforts aimed at overcoming the crisis of reading, to date are inadequate or ineffective " [17]. But in the emerging prospects of implementation of the second (2011-2015) and third (2015-2020) phases of the school, as the backbone factor radical change in the situation in Russia with reading, do not adequately address.
In numerous studies, devoted to development forecasts culture of the third millennium, highlights, that the revival and strengthening humanitarian will be marking her feature: «XXI century will be the century of the humanities - or not at all" (К. Levi-Strauss). In the current socio-cultural situation perceived danger absolutism principles of scientific rationality, opposition to rationality and spirituality: "... Spiritually undeveloped person - more dangerous man, than uneducated " [18, с. 77]. Strong correlation between the human need in reading and spiritual potential is not in doubt and so it is necessary to begin to build a school system, in which education needs in reading will be defined as one of the main learning objectives.
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