SACRED MOUNTAIN AND CEREMONIES Suta, RELATING TO STATE ITS Sacralization [1]

UDC 299.4

Navaanzoch X. Tsedev

(Member of the Academy of Education of Mongolia, Professor of the State University of Hovd)

Keywords: Khairkhan - sacred mountain, rite, ritual, symbol

Рис. 1. Гора Сутай Хайрхан с южной стороны

В данной статье мы будем говорить о том, как в настоящее время проводится обряд сакрализации и жертвоприношения Священным горам в Монголии на примере горы Сутай, государственная церемония сакрализации которой проводилась в 2008 году с участием Президента Монголии Н. Энхбаяра.

Этот Хайрхан (так местное население эвфемистически называет священные горы) from generation to generation, revered for her and brought donations nations Uryankhai Zhalchin Basie and khoshun Manh Gouna^[2]. Peoples, living around Suta Khairkhan, followed the traditions of shamanism, which, though lost to the leading positions of Buddhism, but did not disappear without a trace. Until now, we preserved the heroic epics of the Western Mongols - Oirats, при исполнении которых воспевают Алтай как комплекс священных гор.

Рис. 2. Сутай Хайрхан с западной стороны

Обряд жертвоприношения любой горе начинается с хвалы Алтаю, согласно обычаям шаманизма. Считается, что Дух Алтая от этого радуется, а черт, или злой дух, успокаивается. Предпочтительнее, чтобы ритуал хвалы Алтаю исполнялся не профессиональными артистами, а настоящими сказителями эпосов, which are now in Western Mongolia is very small.

Then follows the reading of sutras for 13 Altai mountains, nazyvayemykh 'funds Adya Luvsandondova' («сан» в данном случае обозначает маленькую сутру на тибетском языке, записанную на 6 страницах по 5 строк на каждой). Чтение сутр сопровождается обрядом «Сан тавих»: зажжением сухого измельченного можжевельника, дым которого имеет приятный аромат. Затем зачитывают Дашчирав или Ундур Гэгээн сан. После вышеописанных обрядов начинается официальное государственное жертвоприношение Хайрхану.

Из устных сказаний известно, Spirit or owner Sutaya Khairkhan - a woman in a white dress, holding in his left hand a bowl of treasures, and the right - yellow Hadak. Сидит она на быке с двумя высокими рогами и вертящимися красными глазами, бык передними ногами роет землю.

Существуют разные версии происхождения названия «Сутай». Some researchers believe, that it is based on a Turkic root "suv" (Вода). Others adhere to the theory of artificial symbolization words: "the water" (milk). Но эти объяснения не имеют достаточного научного обоснования.

В классическом литературном памятнике «Монголын нууц товчтоо» (Сокровенное сказание монголов) встречаются слова и словосочетания: «Сутай Угэлун эх» (verbatim: Прославленная мать Угэлун) и «Суту Чингис» (verbatim: Прославленный Чингис). Значит «гора Сутай» – это «Прославленная гора» или «Прославленный Хайрхан». From the perspective of the historical evolution of the word "Suta" Mongolian language is set to "celebrated woman" (Queen) or spirit, master.

When sacralisation mountains performed a series of rites, унаследованных от наших предков. До неба, Тэнгри, государственный указ доводится при помощи стрелы, пущенной из лука метким стрельцом, одетым в богатырское снаряжение. The shot is fired in the direction of the main peak of the sacred mountain, Khairkhana. In addition a number of rites performed with the presence of national symbols.

• The wheel - a symbol of invincibility;
• Queen (княгиня, царевна) – символ верности;
• Prince - a symbol of discussion and consultation;
• Chandman - a symbol of execution five desires;
• The horse - the symbol of world travel;
• The elephant - a symbol of wealth;
• Полководец – символ уничтожения зла.

Эти 7 символов, также называемых сокровищами, вставляют в основание Обона, официально подготовленного для них. They say, что внизу Обона находится Бог, so people should be handled carefully to Obon.

In the Altai 13 high mountains, то есть 13 Altayev.

1. Silver mountain
2. Gold mountain
3. Iron mountain
4. Ground Mount
5. Sand mountain
6. coral mountain
7. Lazuritnaya forest
8. Malachite mountain
9. Copper mountain
10. Marble mountain
11. Granitovaya forest
12. iceberg
13. Pestraya forest

Рис. 3 Mongolian President delivers a speech at the ceremony
state sacralisation (on the south side of Mount Suta Khairkhan)

Mountain Suta is icy mountain, source of water. Khalkha call this Khairkhan Snow Bogd. Around Sacred Khairkhan Sutaya are four two aimags soum: somony to Darvi E Flowers Khovdskogo aimaka, somony to Darvi e the Tonkhil Gobi-Altaiskogo aimaka. Famous Mongolian poet, native Tsetseg soum B. Hurelbaatar wrote so:

Montenegro Sutai Hairhan

Of the four visible somoni

not lifted, to show -

Because of thick fog you seen.

/Translation of the article's author /

Some bans, associated with the sacralization-Hayrhanov mountains. Participants should be sacrificial:

• Deeply read these mountains. On Hayrhane strictly forbidden to shift locations with stones, pluck plants, killing animals and litter.
• Гапрещается говорить без надобности, сквернословить, распивать спиртные напитки, нарушать правила и порядок сакрализации.
• Near the holy mountains and other sacred places can not say out loud their names, should upoteblyat euphemisms. With regard Sutaya Khairkhan it - "Tsast Bogd" or simply "Khairkhan".
• Do not climb on the sacred Obon, то есть, the mountain or hill, where the rite of sacrifice Mount, except during public offerings. If someone came to the mountain with a personal goal, he should perform the rite: pray, spray the milk and leave food as an offering - at the entrance to Mt., to Obona. This ceremony takes place in human beings, living on the territory of, with which the sacred mountain is visible.
• It is forbidden to drive up to the Obon transport, even horse-drawn. It should be left at the bottom and then on foot to go.
• It is forbidden to light a fire and put it unsanctified impure fuel, cook food on it.
• Prohibited from any distance to point a finger and defecate in the direction of the sacred mountain. If you have to point to the mountain, this must be done with the whole hand, while raising his hand up.
• It is forbidden for women to take part in the ritual of sacrifice mountains. They should perform the rite, remained at the foot of.
• It is forbidden to arbitrarily construct Obon. Sakralnıy Tone, where the rite takes place the sacred mountain of sacrifice, There should be only one. Otherwise, the spirit or the owner can get lost. Beginning with 1990 year were pojavljatsja Obon, constructed by local residents. They become places for picnics and often littered with debris. This situation should be corrected.
• С 15 the average number of months before the winter 7 the first month of spring sacrifice sacred mountain should not make: считается, at that time the owner of Earth and Water sleeps.
• Participants sacrificial mountains should not sit on the rocks.
• Do not leave the paper in Obon currencies;
• Rite Participants must be dressed up, sure all the buttons must be buttoned. Individuals need to be joyous - the only way they will please the host and the spirit of the mountain.
• It is forbidden to participate in the rites of sacralization empty-handed - you need to bring your Hadak, a symbol of happiness and prosperity, and the best food and tea.
• Ascend a mountain, т.е., Obon to the west side, after the ceremonies descend from the eastern side of the mountain, that indicates the movement in a clockwise direction or in the course of the sun.

Считается, that if someone violates these rules, it will bring trouble on themselves and others. However, while some sacred events these prohibitions still violated. The behavior of their members does not correspond to the tradition and damages Ecology. Например, such phenomena have been noted during the public ceremony sacralisation Otgontenger sacred mountains - the peak of the Khangai mountain range in Zavhanskom aimag and Altan Obon - Upland Eastern Mongolia,ru (Eastern aimag).

Рис. 4. Obryad "Horse seterlekh", after which this white horse
No one should ever be used to drive or for other purposes

At the end of the article briefly tell about the natural characteristics and features of the sacred mountain Suta Khairkhan. The height of the main peak of Mount Sutaya - 4250 м. She has a lot of spurs: Brown Undur, Ulziit, Muzan, Husheet and other. It has hosted many rivers and lakes. Zuyl river is longer than 60 км, Muren river length is 58 км. The northern slope of the Holy Sutaya - covered with forests, that allows you to call him by this Khangai. Suta Mountain and its surroundings are rich in various minerals: koksiruyuschim coal (Here operated coal mine in the area Husheet, and now together with China to build large coal mining plant), asbestos, chalk, granitom, spar, aluminum, ores black and white lead, natural paints of different colors, soda, medicinal mud, etc..

On Suta and his spurs growing edible and medicinal mushrooms and herbs: Champignon, gorechavka, gorkusha, gooseberries, Four-Rhodiola, Rhodiola rosea, sweet Ural, tsinomoriya, rhubarb, Mongolian bow, wild onions, Ephedra, Highlander and many others. Кроме того, here there are meadow and steppe grasses - wheat grass, Zmeevka Junggar splayed, various types of polynyas, Bungelya look, baglurovye reamurovye and community - as well as shrubs.

The fauna of the sacred mountain Suta too rich. Here you can see the argali, or wild sheep, wild goat, ounce, lynx, волка, fox, rabbits, wild cat, owls, neck, орла, Lun, owl, kuropatku, Altai ular, ryabchika, Jerome chernohvostika, Groundhog, gopher, etc..

Also here there are many natural and historical sites: stone images, mounds, deer stones, petroglyphs, ancient military fortress, the ruins of ancient buildings.

The author of this article had to live for more than ten years in the centers somoni Huhmort and Bayan-Ula Gobi-Altai aimag, from the peak seen Khairkhan Sutaya. Somon Huhmort is in the Gobi region in the sands. Каждый раз, seeing the white cap Sutaya, I quenched the thirst: as if the coolness emanated from there. My wife was originally from Dariv Hovd aimag Soum. Almost every summer we went to family, to spend a holiday on the shores of the river Mourin, on the back side of a mountain Suta, which is entirely covered by forests. Based on personal experience, I confirm, Suta that mountain and its neighborhood - one of the most remarkable places in Mongolia. This mountain is so touched my heart, I wrote about it a poem of the same name: 'Sutai', Kotra was published in the magazine "Altai Messenger" (№2, 2002 of).

Here are the lines of this poem:

As blue sparkles Hadak Suta -

The miracle of my Earth, beast and bird abode,

Humans and animals. Uncountable your wealth.

Ever white peaks your, o Sutai!

As they are seen silver bowl

From the Gobi steppes and deserts.

You waterest eternal thirst of the spirit, o Sutai!

You blue Hadak, elevated

Above the forests and waters of my native Mongolia,

About sacred Suta!

Figure 5. Participants of the ceremony: Lama Buddhist monks,
Governor Hovd aimag (in the center) и другие.

Finally, I want to introduce readers to the legend-trilogy, written H. Dashzevegom, now honored teacher of Mongolia, Professor Hovd State University, a native of Hovd aimag Soum Dariv.

1. forest, beneficial for razmozheniya sheep

They say, that the poor, who had one horse, I arrived in the mountains surrounding the place Suta, I bought a few sheep from local residents and began to live there. A few years later he had a herd of sheep and said, that is a charity sacred mountain Sutaya. In 1975 Somon Dariv year marked a great holiday, dedicated to the one hundred thousandth herd of sheep. It was the first such festival. From soum Dariv out: With the State Prize laureate. Tsogtgerel, With Heroes of Labor. Lkhagvajav, B. Gendenpil, W. Lhagva and other glorious shepherds. Sheep "Suta" rock wool have a rich and tasty meat, than the famous and today.

2. forest, beneficial for strong fighters

It has long been darivtsy sown wheat and rye along rivers Mourin and Huvhera, berushtih start-up Suta. They say, that in the thirties of the twentieth century, a wrestler from soum Dariv named Rentsendorzh, imevschy has the title of "Elephant of the republic", and is popularly known as "Black with Hadak" went to sow wheat. The horse is tired, and then he carried on his back the horse home with bags of wheat. So he passed over 15 км, until he met a friend, who lent him his horse.

In the 20s of the twentieth century, another famous wrestler from Sutayskogo khoshun Zhambai field after irrigation was driving home on Mourin Valley. With him went a local Olonbayar. Then they attacked the Whites, betrayers of the Russian revolution. More than ten Zhambai knocked from his horse. I would have to get a knife from his belt, but it turned out, that he became entangled in his long hair. Then asked Zhambai companion to help him. Olonbayar was religious and answered: "How broad daylight killing a man, it's a sin ", - And helped. Zhambai was captured Whites: it dragged along the ground more 10 kilometers, long tortured and killed. Later, in those places was found in leg wrestling shoes. Seeing her, Tibetan clairvoyant told: "Will it be born wrestlers in the back side of a mountain and Sutaya Mourin waters of the river".

Really come to these places famous wrestlers: elephant D. Rentsendorzh and more than ten falcons: W. Lhagvasuren, Н. Burenzevseg, Lo. Enkhbayar E Dr.. Among them, the bronze medalist of the Moscow Olympics in judo P. Davadalay.

3. For others as a fortress Khairkhan

In 1940 - 1950s in the western part of Mongolia was a difficult situation. The bandits led by Ospanov robbed local residents - stolen herds. But when they wanted to cross the river Mourin, the river started to rage and rage. They had to go back to the valley Altan Teeli, where they met a well-aimed shot zakhchin Togsoya, who was killed by gang leader.

Among darivtsev about 40 members of the People's Revolution 1921 g. and People's Liberation Movement 1911 g. For merits in the battles with the Japanese invaders Colonel P. Chogdonu was awarded the title Hero of the MPR. Таким образом, sutaytsy - genuine patriots, hard-working and intelligent people.