"Axial Age" of the person in the system of modern culture (Barnaul)

UDC 130.2

In the history of every culture there are moments, when the problem of Being and Nothingness is starting to sound particularly acute. It is during times of crisis, turning, Rubezhnaya years. Russia today is in such condition. Complexity of the situation is exacerbated by the "scrapping of the Millennium ', outputting questions "end" and "beginning" of the global, Ecumenical level. It seems, that became established in the modern methodology systemic perception of the world turned complete chaos. Not only incredibly difficult to predict the future, but even to catch at least some logic in this.

Changing the world, change of formation led to fundamental changes in all spheres of culture. The very notion of "culture" has acquired a new meaning today, - or rather, to return to its true, original value: Kultura - то, that creates, develops or destroyed by human, product of his intellectual, spiritual or material activities. Culture - a measure of humanity in the person measures, key characteristic of its level of development.

In matters of understanding of the nature and purpose of culture abroad XX-XXI centuries brought a number of important discoveries, Allows you to see the deep contradiction, inherent in the development of this phenomenon in the modern state and educational policy.

- In: Proceedings ms. Kagan, Yu.N.. Solonina, В.П. Zinchenko, MK. Mamardashvili central place is proof of the thesis, that culture is not transmitted genetically. Man is born with the makings of culture, the potential for their development, but the quality of the person is formed during prolonged, persistent, patient focused work.

- Culture is a system structure. Justification of the truth of this idea ms. Kagan spent seventeen years of scientific activity, which resulted in a unique collection of his methodological studies "System approach and the Humanities". That these studies provide a new understanding of culture?

As is known, system - is a set of, where all elements are interconnected. The concept of systemic structure of culture Moses Samoylovich Kagan emphasizes its most important property: all elements of culture are interrelated. Elements of culture - people, once lived, living today and those, Kto pridёt them to shift zavtra. From past and present culture grows its future. The system has two properties, action which significantly deepens the understanding of the processes taking place in the culture.

1. State of the system as a whole is composed of the states of each of its elements. Это свойство системы обращает внимание на механизм бытия, развития и изменения культуры. Она формируется не в столице и не в правительстве, а вырастает, как целое, of all the most sophisticated mutual diverse elements. Therefore, the overall "culture map" so important every human act, every decision, deliberate or reckless every thought, and the ability of people to a decent life, and their ability to convert spontaneous emotional chaos in the grandeur and beauty of the senses, and a focus on high achievements ... By analogy with known since childhood strings A. Barto "I'm Confused, I am growing all the time, every hour ... ", can be summarized: throughout their lives, in every moment, человек, more often - without realizing it, takes the most direct personal participation in the construction of modern culture, and thus - has an impact on changing the past history, and its possible future directions.

2. If the system has to change at least one element, will change the whole system, – гласит теория. Применительно к культуре это свойство системы еще раз демонстрирует высочайший уровень личной ответственности каждого человека за состояние культуры своей семьи, his team in professional collaboration or interpersonal, his home, District, City, village, country, its people, and - as it may seem stilted - the general field of world culture.

Cultural poses and solves a critical problem today: осмыслить процесс становления человечества как целостное явление. Она отважилась на глубочайшую интеграцию в изучении всех форм и типов деятельности человека, that through their synthetic generalizations to understand the place and significance of each historical and cultural period on an endless ladder long history of mankind, Assess the current situation of human rights and to build his eventual move into the future trajectory.

Original meaning, inherent in the concept of "culture" refers to the phenomenon of human, its activities. It can also manifest itself in many forms and vary greatly in content. Каждый из таких видов деятельности – частность, не раскрывающая смысла человека и его специфических свойств. В работе «Философия культа» П. Флоренский раскрывает высшие смыслы и предназначение человека в культуре и – шире – в мире: «Эта деятельность… должна являть смыслы… Это есть нисхождение горнего к дольнему и восхождение дольнего к горнему, соединение Неба и земли…» [1, с. 55]. In the essential understanding of the specificity of human activity - the connection between spirit and matter, clothe the idea in the visible and tangible forms of earthly existence and raises earthly life to heavenly heights. At the heart of this process - the work of the spirit, giving birth to the idea of, decent incarnation. The same idea underlies the theory of culture ms. Kagan (см. "The philosophical theory of value" and "Philosophy of Culture"), adapted them for the humanities and systematic approach synergetic concept of cultural development.

В логике развития культуры основную созидательную функцию выполняют периоды стабильности, when all forms and types of culture unfolding in concentrated form presents its national "grain", is the spiritual guarantor of its uniqueness and inviolability. At the forefront of those structures, which are the epitome of stability, energy carriers and catalysts for its realization.

Changing the direction of development, choose a new path, radical change in the meaning of existence and forms of culture takes place in the era of transition, where old values ​​are being questioned, and traditions destroyed and reinvented. This special zones in the cultural and historical development, which occur in the case, when laid before the reserve system had exhausted, and appeared before a new understanding of its essence, route and destination. Today in the world, Russian culture and in the culture of Altai transience manifested at different levels and in different scales.

At the time of transition, defined as the science of the crisis, line of development of culture culminates, absolute maximum, when a further movement in this direction becomes impossible. This borderline balance between "culture" and "anti-culture" has no future within its plane. Exit the critical state seems possible only in two opposite directions, carrying the semantics of "exit into other dimensions" (for this culture is really different measurement!): upward or downward.

The concept of "top" and "bottom" are used here as philosophical metaphors, with value-semantic orientation. Graduation "above" and "below" in relation to the culture uses DS. Lihachёv, Determining these concepts using its ability to interact: "Culture brings people together. The higher the culture of a nation, the greater the need neighbors and subsequent generations, the more she needs to learn from other cultures. The lower culture, тем безразличнее она к культурам других стран и эпох. Чем выше культура народа, тем сильнее в нем связующие нити, тем он миролюбивее, тем он социальнее… Разделённых культур не существует. There is only shared and not even communicate within itself anticulture. There is no communication, because there is no basis for dialogue " (2, p.66).

Итак, in the twentieth century culture appeared before two paths of development:

1 Path - "down", to mass culture and diverse manifestations of Pop Art with their eclectic, apology randomness as the basis of the main artistic outlook and method, vacuity and to focus on public epatirovanie external showiness.

2 Path - the "top", to new limits holistic worldview by overcoming the compartmentalization, fragmentation pattern of peace and a new psychological and ideological setting. Today, this opportunity from a scientific formulated in cultural ms. Каганом как экзистенциальная программа «наук о духе»: «…постичь смысл происходящего в мире, при всей его иррациональности, for the sake of finding a solution to this tragic state of civilization " (3, s.395).

In the famous tale G.H. Andersena «Tom O, as the storm outweighed signs "metaphorically drawn situation, very similar to the cultural and historical context of modernity. Life in the city was measured and calm before the storm of the very, о которой с придыханием рассказывали своим детям и внукам старожилы. До этого страшного катаклизма на каждом учреждении и здании висели яркие вывески, lets others on his appointment. After the storm, all the signs were not in place. Now they not only helped people to understand the world, but even become a serious obstacle in this. And the people of the city had no choice, how do hanging signage space. Approximately the same task is performed by science in modern society.

Especially true understanding of the state of culture - the phenomenon of an already complex, multivalued and extremely broad in its definitions. Переходное состояние культуры придаёт неопределенность и смысловую подвижность даже простым явлениям. В исследовании сложных процессов требуется особая мудрость, тонкость и глубина. Не случайно именно в этих условиях была создана новая наука, обладающая всеми необходимыми для этого качествами.

Условия возникновения культурологии удивительным образом напоминают картину «после бури». Она родилась в тот момент, когда менялись ценности, смыслы, когда привычные явления обретали другой статус и содержание, и главной задачей для человека стал поиск путей понимания мира и самого себя. Один из таких путей предлагает культурология. She turned to the past for the future, and takes place in the present different facets of their opportunities. And these properties Cultural claim to the title of a new generation of science.

В контексте развития культуры России в целом изучение мировоззренчески наполненных гуманитарных дисциплин направлено на формирование зрелой, самостоятельной и ответственной личности, capable of ensuring stability and national security, prospects of development of the country.

В момент судьбоносного поворота в развитии мировой культуры в культурологической теории Карла Ясперса рождается научная метафора «осевого времени». Он отмечает, что понятие «ось мировой истории» очерчивает ряд явлений, значимых для всех людей. «Эту ось следует искать там, где возникли предпосылки, позволившие человеку стать таким, каков он есть; where with astonishing fruitfulness passed ... the formation of human life ... This axis of world history should include, по-видимому, around the time 500 BC, to the spiritual process, который шел между 800 and 200 гг. до н. э. Тогда произошел самый резкий поворот в истории. Появился человек такого типа, какой сохранился и по сей день. Это время мы вкратце будем называть осевым временем…». It was then that "people being aware of the whole, itself and its borders. Before it opens the horror of the world and its own helplessness. Standing over the abyss, it raises radical questions, requires liberation and salvation. Aware of its borders, he sets himself higher goals, learns absoluteness in the depths of self-awareness and clarity in the transcendental world ... Man is not closed in itself. He is not sure, he knows himself, and therefore open to new endless possibilities. He is now able to hear and understand what, what up to this point no one asked and no one preached. Unheard becomes apparent " [4].

All these K. Jaspers signs "axial age" are easily detected in the present state of culture in general, essential changes in the current value world personality, its philosophical foundations. Active formation of "new human being", and the feeling of prolonged, but this is not becoming less sharp, historical turn, helplessness person simultaneously opens limitless opportunities - all these features allow the present moment to call the current time "axial age of personality". Именно в процессе глубинных перемен важно точно определиться с постановкой новых целей и приложить максимум усилий для скорейшего преодоления кризиса и выравнивания движения в новой плоскости.

«То, что достигается отдельным человеком, отнюдь не становится общим достоянием. В те времена дистанция между вершинами человеческих возможностей и массой была чрезвычайно велика. However, than becoming single man, indirectly alters all people. Humanity as a whole makes a leap " [там же]. Russian culture for the supremacy of spiritual values ​​has been and remains the defining property, specific characteristic, prevailing during its formation and manifests whenever a heyday and maturity.

Russian thinkers of the formation of man and his system of values ​​at all times comprehend how extremely complex and ambiguous. В нём действуют скрытые и малодоступные сознанию законы самоорганизации, большую роль играют всевозможные случайные факторы, it difficult to isolate a stable causal relationship between action and result. Так, например, Is. Solovyov believed, that the most urgent task of culture time of crisis is a "physical transformation of the spiritual life". А. White pains to society about the need to bring the level of symbolism outlook, where life is filled with a deep sense, spiritualized.

The same complexity of the process of formation of human Johann Friedrich Herbart notes, "Deservedly called the creator of scientific pedagogy and didactics rational, as he built a new training and fruitful psychological basis and should be added to the guiding pedagogical genius, which belong to Comenius and Pestalozzi ": "We only have in their power to raise, when we have time to put in a great young soul and in all parts of tightly bound range of ideas, which has the power to overcome all negative in the environment and to perceive and connect to all the favorable " [5, с. 23].

And he echoed. Robert, также занимавшийся педагогическими исследованиями в XIX веке: «Только от реформы, основанной на идее воспитания, можно ожидать положительных результатов. Of course, такая реформа важнее, difficult of all previously held, but the failure of education in our schools has entered into a common belief. How can you hope to destroy its small shape changes, тем более, что все эти средства давно перепробованы?» [6, с. 287].

Кажется удивительным, evidence that the importance of the spiritual component in the culture and the equally important role of culture itself, for man and society, today throughout the system against them observed inexcusable negligence. Although the level of declarations like all is well. The concept of modernization of Russian education until 2010 g. there are very competent in this sense, the situation: "We need to make better use of the moral potential of art as a means of formation and development of ethical principles and ideals in order to personal development".

This position is supported by teachers, not only theoretically studied, но и практически убедившимися в преобразовательной и гармонизирующей возможности искусства в программе средней школы: «О том, что искусство воспитывает, начали говорить с тех самых пор, how to think about problems of education of the younger generation. Действительно, искусство, With a powerful energy, emotional, spiritual potential, affects the innermost thoughts, чувства, awaken from spiritual slumber, excites the imagination. Only art on the human forces discover the person, show him the way to his " [7, с. 4].

Cultural poses and solves a critical problem today: comprehend the process of becoming human in a single logic as the whole phenomenon. Она отважилась на глубочайшую интеграцию в изучении всех форм и типов деятельности человека, that through their synthetic generalizations to understand the place and significance of each historical and cultural period on an endless ladder long history of mankind, Assess the current situation of human rights and to build his eventual move into the future trajectory.

Официальная наука долгое время основывалась на негласной идеологической оппозиции «столица – периферия». This attitude reduces the possibility of participation of the regions and their residents in shaping the cultural environment of the state. Gradually formed a special "mentality hick", characterized by a pronounced "inferiority complex", heightened aggression and conflict. New level of understanding of the problem signaled the opening of the systemic structure of culture, who showed, что судьба России складывается из сложного переплетения судеб её регионов и отдельных людей.

В речи на VI съезде писателей РСФСР Е. Евтушенко отметил, что «в литературе, как в совести, нет периферии. Столица литературы – это сердце каждого писателя, вместившего в себя весь мир». Перефразируя их, we can say, что и в культуре тоже нет и не может быть периферии. Capital of Culture of Russia - the heart of every human, responsible for its equally belongs to all regions of our country. И всё же направляющая и курирующая роль столицы для провинции крайне важна, особенно в годы активных перемен.

Современный период для культуры страны и развития её системы образования снова стал судьбоносным. Before Russia once again the task of changing its domestic and international status. В логике развития государства в решающие поворотные точки всегда выходила вперёд мощная духовная сила, оказывая определяющее влияние на всю его культуру, able to redirect traffic from the danger zone development in a favorable direction for the country.

Russia's entry into the global cultural process today has a number of complicating positive dynamics characteristics:

- Changes in the ratio of spiritual and material, гуманитарного и точного знания идет явно не в сторону гуманитаризации и утверждения высоких духовных ценностей;

– Многими учеными с тревогой отмечается активная монетизация культуры. Так, Concepts such as the Federal target program of education 2006-2010 годы четко сформулирована потребность определения роли образования в решении задач социально-экономического развития России;

- The so-called spiritual and value-pluralism is changing awareness of the need for a common idea, aimed at reviving and disclosure of Russian culture.

This is why today needs a positive cultural studies, chelovekotsentrichnaya world culture, purpose - to help a person in a difficult period of historic change remember our human dignity and open it. This understanding is especially important, development of a culture that depends on the policy, and policy level is determined, в свою очередь, level of culture.

Emerged as a response to the urgent needs of the new era and Cultural world culture absorbed and its contradictions. Полярность пограничной перестроечной культуры непосредственно отразилась в их судьбе:

1. Сегодня существует насущная потребность вывести культурологию и мировую художественную культуру на ведущие позиции в науке и образовании по самой сути тех задач, facing each individual and society as a whole. At the same time and in the education system, and in the scientific community they are on the periphery of the most remote.

2. Жизненной потребностью нынешнего времени стала гуманитаризация образования и науки, тогда как реально формируется явная тенденция, aimed at the formalization and mechanization of the educational process.

3. In the formation of the scientific biography of cultural studies and world culture is very important to prevent distortion of the essential disciplines. Important role in the assigned specialists, mastered deep meaning and specificity of cultural knowledge. Task of further deployment of cultural education does not lose its relevance today, whereas in the present program of educational reform, this problem fits poorly.

4. The present society has received a pronounced practical orientation. In a highly competitive environment, diversity and the variety of forms of professional development of human life practice, development of a theoretical knowledge in principle pales into insignificance. Modern education system focused on competence approach, где приобретение определенных личностных и профессиональных качеств становится главной задачей. В этом ключе и культурология, world culture and remain relevant as the fundamental theoretical aspect, and in the field of applied science development.

A similar situation existed in the Russian education in the late XIX - early XX century. Then, too, there was a problem to teachers contribute to overcoming the economic and political backwardness of the country, prepare the growing generation to future changes entire way of life, develop their ability to eliminating social ills of society. Суть образовательной политики заключалась в стремлении приспособить задачи и цели воспитания к наличным силам и интересам детей. In the context of the difficult transition grew strong conviction, that "Education is intended to dictate the rules of life, give life a personality type, which turned out to be stronger than its corrupting influence. In a dispute between school and life hegemony should belong to the school " [8, с. 106].

In 1992 year in one of his speeches A. Solzhenitsyn characterized the early years of Soviet Russia: "Peasants, liberated from serfdom, caught in unusual market relations. In the villages began to appear drunkards and hooligans, which has never before been. Peasant expansion was one of the manifestations of disease… Truly nobody interesovala. And when they came brazen, determined people, state disintegrated in one minute… In 1922 in Russia almost no thinking and educated people ".

Это ещё один исторический резонанс с событиями и процессами сегодняшнего дня. Движение «по лезвию бритвы» вынуждает быть особенно острожным и ответственным, с особенной тщательностью выбирать пути и средства развития культуры и реформирования образования. Как писал в аналитической записке А. Мелик-Пашаев, "The purpose of this note - to draw attention departments, institutions and individuals who, and determining those responsible for educational policy in Russia, к возможностям общего художественного образования, к резкому несоответствию этих возможностей и наличного состояния дел и к тем неотвратимым последствиям, которые оно за собой влечёт» [9, с. 4].

To paraphrase this idea, important to emphasize, that the purpose of this reflection is very close to him in fact. It is aimed at, to attract high scientific community, capabilities and whose appointment is addressing the development of culture in general and the Russian definition of the nature and forms of development of cultural education in particular, those serious difficulties and contradictions, which have emerged today in many regions of Russia and are really pressing issue of our time, need to be discussed, understanding and competent decision.

On the possibility of positive change in all the most difficult turns in the development of culture strongly suggests DS. Lihachёv: «Д.С. Лихачёв говорит, что в то время, as a living world evolves according to Darwin - natural selection survival of the fittest, Culture evolves according to other laws - the cultivation of humanism. По Лихачёву, cultural history can be traced continuously nurturing humanity. Wildness, barbarism all the time destroying the culture - whole layers, cities, tsivilizatsiyami, так что вроде бы ничего не остаётся, – но гуманистическое начало всё время прорастает, как трава сквозь асфальт, и культура развивается, continuously increasing humanism " [10, с. 13].

Competent, professionally organized and cultural education is in fact one of the most effective ways and thoroughly laid capacity of humanism in our country, for the preservation and strengthening of which it makes sense to combine the best efforts of the state of scientific forces. Важно найти пути и способы вернуть искусство и знакомство с миром духовных ценностей как пути глубинной гуманитарной подготовки учащихся в систему общего среднего образования, order, чтобы содействовать сохранению изначально заложенного в российской школе фундаментального характера общей подготовки вступающего в самостоятельную жизнь человека.

Cultural Studies specificity is its ability to not only predict the future, but also to simulate its. Quite naturally formed almost complete coincidence of modern innovative trends of modernization of education and the essential qualities of cultural sciences. And mezhdistsiplinarnыy character, and holistic paradigm in understanding the world, and humanitarian nature of cultural knowledge, aimed at the understanding and comprehension - all features of the new science, rhyming with modern trends in education reform.

It is in this "new" reading, which is "well forgotten old", lies the innovative potential of Cultural Studies as a special sphere of holistic, System humanities new era and as a fundamental basis for the formation of public policy, Which areas of human activity would be one focuses. Деятельность, based on high ideals and purposes, will always have a higher and more lasting results than with any forms of human existence, not resting on the spiritual needs.

This has already been a hundred years ago wrote Russian teachers, ideas which are now not only lost its relevance, but even increased it in the light of recent scientific discoveries: "The main drawback of our social upbringing and education have the, that they are almost exclusively from early childhood are due to preparation for the arena of public, а не к поприщу жизни; что, заботясь о приготовлении чиновников и офицеров, они не заботятся достаточно о приготовлении человека. Хорошо образованный и воспитанный человек весьма скоро и легко сделается хорошим чиновником, но не наоборот. Для всех умственных и духовных поприщ одинаково нужны люди» (11, с. 198)

The collective experience of sharing important cultural urological, философской и педагогической проблемы – формирования достойной личности в условиях величайшего кризиса современности, may be grounds to establish itself already spent and a source of creative ways of searching for new ways to move from chaos to cosmos, to human and high culture.

References

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