Grigorьeva Oksana Nikolaevna,
MOU "lyceum № 130" RAEPSH,
schoolgirl 10 class,
Barnaul, Россия
Of all the animals only man is given the ability to make fire,
this and made him ruler of the world.
[Antoine de Alvarol (1701-1801), quotes on books Grigorьeva AA. The element of fire. p.158]
Fire plays an important role in the lives of many people. Fire brings to life not only heat, light and joy, but destruction, гибель. Dual nature of fire, man and fears the fire and rejoices.
For many years our ancestors used only natural fire. They took care of the fire gained in caves, of kostrah, that burned there many, many years. This is evidenced by the huge thickness of layers halls, which were discovered by archaeologists in some caves. Also, from ancient times, fire was used for smelting, forging weapons and cooking utensils. Copper Smelters, олова и бронзы по археологическим датировкам существовала уже в 5-4 тысячелетиях до новой эры. Кузнецом человек стал примерно 8 – 10 тыс. лет назад. По одним данным это были хетты, которые жили в Малой Азии. По другим – китайцы, по третьим – тюрки Алтая и Кавказа. Я была в некоторых музеях Горного Алтая. Для меня было удивительно видеть оружия, посуду и другие предметы, выплавленные из металла много тысяч лет назад. Увидев эти предметы приходишь в недоумение, как люди того времени, без современного оборудования, могли творить такие чудеса. Ancient Turks believed, that the ability to control fire and blacksmith profession they received from the supreme deity of the Khan Tengri. The ancient Turks blacksmiths could not marry a girl of a different kind, so as not to blab about the mystery of blacksmithing skill. Smith, which dealt with the magical fire, passed the secrets of smelting iron from father to son. Childbirth, clan blacksmiths could not be mixed with other - not smiths. Огонь, as a kind of primordial, incomprehensible beginning, present at ceremonies all bases religions of the world.
Some years ago I became interested in the culture and traditions of Altai. I visited the sacred places of Altai, studied the life and customs of the Altai people, in particular, I was struck by cultural monuments etnoprirodnogo Park Uch-Enmek. Interested me very much, but particularly interested in the topic of fire. All sorts of Altai preserved cult of fire. He, as the guardian of the tribal and family happiness, plays a crucial role in the life of the Altai people. Fire hearth represents deity From Ana (Fire-Mother). Attitude towards the fire is special, it is treated as an equal member of the family. When the family gathers for a meal, starts receiving only food, when a piece of food will treat fire. Preserved many rituals, associated with fire. There is usually, in which fire can be taken from home: when you have to share it with neighbors or when the fire needed for sacrifice. But it is forbidden to do after sunset. Lit in Ochag, can not leave the home, need to finish smoking pipe sitting at this center, and at the outlet of the housing need to clear the pipe of a log, burning in the hearth. Fire is an integral part of the wedding ceremony at. Honeymooners fire taken from his father's hearth. When a son marries, leaving, he takes a burning firebrand of paternal hearth, and the girl must say goodbye to his ancestral fire and join the fire kind of husband. Fire has a purifying force, he does not let the evil spirits in the house, discourages the soul of the dead, gives offspring cattle, heals. In the beliefs and rituals, there are many rules for handling fire, нельзя – step over the hearth, tread on the ashes, strew garbage and dirt, retreat from the daily feeding and treats fire mouthfuls of food, touch the tip of the knife, because you could injure your head Fire Mother. For violation of the rules, fire deity punishes people diseases, deprives them of their protection from evil spirits, burns certain things, and sometimes housing. How then is the deity of fire in the representation of the peoples of Altai? Before, it was a way white, blonde girl – puss-ene. But after the Russian Altai, This image changed. Fire deity acquired the image of Russian girls, with blond hair, which rides on a horse, and illuminates people's homes and the entire Altai. Altai peoples attitude towards the fire still remain very cautious and timid. In this regard, their customs are still preserved [Cult of fire ...].
Fire cult existed among the Slavic people. The third brother of the Sun and Lightning, third son of Heaven and Earth for the Slavs was Fire. He combined the two principles - punishing and cleansing. Ancient Slavic god, guiding the thunder and lightning, it was known under the name of Perun. It was a dreadful God, который занимал весомое место в когорте других славянских божеств. Его воспевали в песнях и гимнах:
Боги велики, но страшен Перун
Ужас наводит тяжела стопа,
Как он в предшествии молний своих
Mrak Odean, vyhrmy covered,
Menacing clouds leads the.
[Glinka,1810,1993 , book by AA Grigoriev. Element of Fire – p.169]
Likeness Perun were Jupiter and Zeus, as well as solar gods Yarylo (Yarovit), Svarog, Soil, Dazhbog (Dazhdbog). Some scientists believe, that the God of Fire, Western Slavs called Radogost (RADIGOST). Such a variety of names, can only be explained, and that the only real name so holy, we, ordinary people it is not known to this day. The Slavs, as in other nations, there are many omens and superstitions, fire-related. There are those customs, are similar to the customs of the peoples of the Altai. This is primarily what, Slavs that fire is also a member of the family, которого во время трапезы угощают первым и лучшим кусочком еды. Еще это свадебный обряд, в котором огонь играет непосредственную роль. Влюбленные могли проверить свою любовь таким образом: if the pair manages to jump over the flames, not disengage hands, their love live long. Which was the matchmaker matchmaker Russian Bride, hrela hands pechy: thus she called the fire as an ally, enlist his support. Newlywed young husband solemnly thrice encircles around the hearth, прося у Бога-Огня счастливой жизни и много здоровых детей. А если в момент рождения ребенка огонь неожиданно угасал, то в этом видели верный признак рождения будущего злодея. Now, наконец, why the bride and groom before the split plate, and premature crashed gorshok, just visited the Fire: "How many pieces, many would sonnies!». Now more often than not remember the meaning of this, consider, The answer is simple: "Fortunately!». Midsummer Celebration - a celebration of the summer solstice, during this holiday sacred fires are lit on the night of 24 June. On this night, boys and girls threw wreaths into the water, circle dances and sang songs. They gathered on the banks of the river or on the hill, rolled down the hill to the river wooden wheel - symbol of fiery light. This twist on the solstice symbolized the earth. Bonfires and jump over them. Но, despite the high and hot flame, none of the jump is not burned and not scorching. Fire as a sacred phenomenon has long been revered in simple peasant families of Russia and Russia. Of particular relevance in Russian homes to fireside, i.e. to the furnace. In the presence of Fire was once unthinkable curse: "I would tell you ... but I can not, oven in the house!». Oven with its warmth, special heat treating various diseases. A long time in Russian families there are many different rites, related to the fireside. Например, children, leaving the family home, had to take with a pinch of ash, to maintain family ties. When someone left the house, oven damper closed, that he was lucky in a way, and it does not think badly of me back home. When moving to a new residence was transferred from the old embers a home and at the same time enticed brownie. The Slavs existed a huge amount of rituals and beliefs, associated with fire and hearth, but, Unfortunately, more than half have long forgotten [см. Semenova].
In some cultures, the cult of fire was not just part of the culture, but fall within the scope of the occult. For adherents of Zoroastrianism (Zarathustra) fire - the main object of worship, which is considered the epitome of divine justice – Arty. The founder of this religion was the prophet Zarathustra (Zoroastra), who lived in 7-6 Centuries. BC. He began to preach a new religion, according to which the world is going confrontation spirits of light, good and spiritual darkness, Evil. Led the first group of spirits worth Ahuramazda. He - the chief god of fire worshipers. While the followers of Zoroaster and worshiped the sun god Mithras. Immediately there were ceremonies, associated with fire. Zoroastrian rites distinguishes them harsh and sad character. Например, childbirth, disease, birth of a child, considered Zoroastrian dogma as "desecration" purity body, violation of the "ideal" physical state. According to the requirements of the Zoroastrian, associated with the custom of purification, woman during her monthly ailments, delivery and are subject to certain diseases "taboo", sitting on a stone bench or sleeping on the floor in the dark half of the house, did not dare to approach the sacred fire, enter the air, see the sky and the sun. None of the family, including children, did not come to her. But if a woman had an infant, she brought him to feed, after feeding and immediately carried away. Even in the first two decades of the XX century. Zoroastrian women have suffered from this custom, хотя, according to M. Boys, similar difficulties "as if nature worked out resistance" in zoroastriek. The sacred fire is maintained in churches and homes in a special place, where the special lit incense sticks with spells and prayers. Extinction of the sacred fire is not allowed, поскольку это означает наступление сил мрака. Огонь, как священный атрибут, не должен гореть рядом с умершим, поэтому, на время прощания с покойным, огонь переносится из дома в особое место. Fire cult was widely spread on the territory of Iran, Afganistana, Azerbaijan, Central Asian states and neighboring countries. In Azerbaijan, there are many ancient places of worship on fire Apsheron Peninsula. Starter 1 in it. BC. on the site of present Baku was a small town, which is famous for its flaming torches. According to written documents V-VIII centuries., This city is called Utley Balavan ( in Russian - Fire Balavan) or Atshi Bakuan ( more russki - Outbreaks Baku). Fire burner turned into temples of Zoroastrians. The city itself has become one of the major centers of the Zoroastrian [см. Grigoriev, Boys, Malyshev].
Cult of fire in the religions of the world is very diverse. But with the passage of time forgotten customs, dissolved in everyday life. According to some legends, Gods created man and woman from two sticks, between which kindled fire - the very first flame of love. [from the book Semenova M. Life and beliefs of ancient Slavs. p.37]. We still talk: "Love broke out in their hearts ...". Flame of Love ... Love Is ... broke right now we interpret these concepts? In most cases, no, because in the modern world, few people, that distinguish a real flame of love, genuine feelings, existing only for their own benefit. It is for this reason that so often become family to crumble.
Sacred fire! Since the dawn of
Source of great blessings he.
For all, we build, что творим,
В душе огонь благо/дарим.
[Ф.Шиллер. Песнь о колоколе. 1799, по книге Григорьева А.А. «Стихия Огня», с.191]
Особенно нужно обратить внимание на последние две строки. Ведь это действительно так, for all, that we build and create need to thank the fire. All that surrounds us, due to fire: Homes, in which we live, electricity, without which it is difficult to do, food, all-it all interacts with fire. We learned how to hold fire to improve their living conditions, but long ago lost their spiritual connection with fire. Today, when we go back to their spiritual roots, we should remember about the art of human interaction with the elements of fire.
Bibliography:
- Boyce M. Zoroastrians. Beliefs and practices. - Ed. Centre Petersburg Oriental, 1994
- Beliefs of the Slavs – http://slawianie.narod.ru/str/vera/jazycz04.html
- Grigoriev AA. Element of Fire. - St. Petersburg.: Tessa, 2007
- Malyshev B. Zoroastrianism – http://www.religio.ru/lecsicon/08/236.html
- Semenova M. Life and beliefs of ancient Slavs – СПб.: Alphabet CLASSIC, 2001.7
- Article. Cult of fire – http://www.altay-turizm.ru/index.php/2010-01-15-08-28-50/7-kult-ognya.html
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